An Cosantóir

www.military.ie THE DEFENCE FORCES MAGAZINE | 23 When and where present, EUFOR exercised effective secu- rity, but this was limited in scope and scale and could not fill the vacuum of law and order which was by now endemic. Several senior NGO critics of the operation insist that the EU's military operation had partially mitigated the impact of the Darfur crisis in western Chad and the CAR, but had never approached a meaningful contribution to conflict resolution. Indeed it has also been argued that the EU operation exacer- bated the underlying crisis, by giving President Déby the stra- tegic space within which to conduct a political crack down at home (following the 2008 attack) as well as a foundation which allowed him to fund and supply other armed militias which he saw as leverage against the Sudanese government (Berg 2009). For most EU interlocutors this was an acknowl- edged effect of the EUFOR engagement, but not its purpose. Nor, of course, did the EUFOR operation achieve any meaningful return of internally displaced persons or refu- gees to their places of origin. While the security situation for such people had been ameliorated to some extent it did so only for a limited time period within a limited context. In the absence of a broader process of political reconciliation and peace building, the EUFOR operation was incapable of achieving more. At the close of the operation, the extensive EUFOR-built infrastructure was handed over to the Chadian authorities rather than the UN. The UN's MINURCAT II mission subse- quently rented these facilities from the government. The UN was not well prepared for the handover – with late political decision making exacerbating poor planning structures and limited UN resources. In part this can ascribed to UN assump- tions that the EU operation would likely be extended – a prospect repeatedly and publically disavowed by EU officials and diplomats. In the event, a small group of experienced UN officials, working flexibly and sometimes well past the margins of their formal mandates, were able to get MIN- URCAT II off the ground. This was only really possible with the extensive 're-hatting' of EUFOR soldiers into MINURCAT II. The final EUFOR detachments were rotated home in July 2009. For several months following the formal handover, EUFOR supported MINURCAT II with Special Forces, medevac and administrative/legal support with one author noting the overall 'benevolent mentoring of the new force by EUFOR Force Headquarters' (Aherne 2009:141). CONCLUSIONS In reviewing this operation with a view to assessing how, if it all, it served the cause of global 'justice', it is important to bear in mind that this was a unique effort in scope and scale and, significantly, one that we have not seen repeated. Nonetheless it offers us perhaps a useful litmus test on the Union's centre of gravity as regards the pursuit of justice in the operation of CSDP. On key signifiers there is some clarity as to where the EU and its EUFOR operation stood as regards justice. First and foremost – and regardless of bureaucratic disagreements (most especially on the very problematic (and late) handover from the EU to the UN) – there was scrupulous EU adherence to the principle of UN legitimisation of the operation and ac- tive engagement with it and other regional and multilateral actors. Second, while agreement with state actors was a pre- condition of the operation – and there was some support for strengthening state security – EUFOR privileged impartiality. This occurred to the extent of generating President Déby's ire for effectively allowing anti-government rebels free pas- sage across EUFOR's area of operations. Of course counter arguments have also been raised in as much as it has been argued that EUFOR gave the Chadian government critical security support and the opportunity to regroup following its near collapse in early 2008. As a result, EUFOR has been characterised as having served as a visible instrument of the Chad government to suppress the rebellion (Berg 2009). Third, the operation pursued, and at least in part fulfilled, ob- jectives as regards universal norms and values. While cultural training was a focus of the operation's situational awareness, explicit priority was given to UNSCR 1325 and integrating gender issues within operational planning. This generated critical commentary from within and without EUFOR's own command structures. If we try to synthesise these very outline conclusions with respect to the specified expectations of the three models of global justice presented above, we identify an outline of the operation's centre of gravity. The EUFOR Tchad/RCA operation was one which served several constituencies. It sought to address a visible humani- tarian crisis within very tight political/strategic parameters and without directly tackling any of the underlying socio- economic, political, tribal or ethnic causes of that crisis. Sig- nificantly, the operation was initiated and driven by a single EU actor with deep and ongoing strategic interests in the region. The integrated military command structure, which accorded operational command to a non-French general, visibly tempered the pursuit of French strategic interests. To some extent it reinforced EU declarations of impartiality and neutrality with practical effect. The operation also delivered significant – if limited in scope and duration – security ben- efits to local populations and to international humanitarians. Within a very limited scope, it also brought issues of gender- justice into the operational frame. On the other hand, the operation's absolute reliance on state consent – reinforced by that state's existing strategic relationship with the major military sponsor of the operation (France) – can at best be reconciled with a position of 'non- domination' in its narrowest sense. The Chadian state – and its autocratic regime – certainly benefited from the tempo- rary wide-vector security delivered by the 18 month instal- lation of European military forces and the associated infra- structure that these forces bequeathed to the Chadian state on their departure. The subsequent UN operation to which the EU forces were offering a 'bridge' also delivered capacity building to Chadian security forces. That strengthening of the Chadian state – in both short-run strategic and in tactical terms – cannot, however, be said to have delivered on wider justice claims either towards a resolution of the underlying conflict (in terms of mutual recognition) nor substantively to- wards the inculcation of wider universal human rights norms (in terms of impartiality). This article first appeared in the Summer 2019 edition of Signal, the magazine of the Representative Association of Commissioned Officers, and is reprinted by permission.

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